Europa has a vast, saltwater ocean beneath its icy shell, with more than twice the amount of water in all of Earth’s oceans ...

Electrons released when cosmic rays strike water-ice can provide energy for microbes and facilitate the formation of complex organic molecules.

(390 million mi) from Earth, underneath the cold seas of Europa, a horrifying, and vastly intelligent creature lurks. Can our ...

Earth’s deep-sea hydrothermal vents provide a model for understanding how life could exist on Europa. Holden’s team is studying how vent microbes generate energy using hydrogenases to predict what ...

From mudstones on Mars to strange gases in exoplanet atmospheres, tentative evidence for extraterrestrial life is starting to ...