Viable cell count (VCC), a critical parameter in both microbial and mammalian cell cultures, fluctuates during batch and fed-batch cultures. VCC is determined conventionally through sampling and ...

Of the available on-line biomass assays, the radio-frequency impedance method (often referred to as capacitance) is generally regarded as the most robust and reliable method to monitor viable biomass ...

Over the past decade, demand for nano-electrical characterization has rapidly increased due to the continuous miniaturization of electronic devices. The semiconductor and microelectronics industries ...

Process analytical technology (PAT) has reshaped how biomanufacturers monitor and control production, moving quality assurance from end-of-batch laboratory testing into continuous, real-time ...