The monoalphabetic substitution cipher replaces each letter in the plaintext with a corresponding letter from a substitution key. The key is a permutation of the alphabet, where each letter maps ...

The concluding words of Unsolved! are a call to action. Craig Bauer, a US mathematician and editor-in-chief of the journal Cryptologia, ends his hefty history of cryptography by noting that even as he ...

Bill Buchanan does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond ...

In today's world, encryption plays a vital role in all aspects of data protection and cybersecurity, ensuring that unauthorised individuals cannot access the information you transmit or store. However ...

For decades, a handful of Dead Sea fragments written in an unknown alphabet sat in scholarly limbo, legible in shape but mute in meaning. Now a researcher has finally cracked that hidden script, ...