Ancient ice records show Earth’s oceans cooled over millions of years despite stable greenhouse gases, highlighting the role ...

Earth System Sciences is an inherently interdisciplinary field that investigates the integrated dynamics of the planet’s major spheres—the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere—and their ...

High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide intensify climate change, but high carbon dioxide levels can also stimulate plant growth. Plant growth removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, partially ...

In a white paper published by a multidisciplinary team of top scientists in China, Earth system is defined to encompass both internal and external geospheres from solid Earth system through surface ...

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars – may have formed from two rings around the young sun, rather than a single disc ...

Humanity has reached the first Earth system tipping point, the widespread death of warm-water coral reefs, marking the beginning of irreversible planetary shifts. As global temperatures move beyond ...