Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Wireless communications are quite prone to errors due to the noise present in the channel, fading effects and interference. The quality of communication is degraded by theses channel errors. To ...

/ c ± n.m / for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .... where n is the sideband pair number In this expression, the + indicates the upper sidebands, and the - indicates lower ones ...

Over the past decades, engineers have introduced numerous technologies that rely on light and its underlying characteristics. These include photonic and quantum systems that could advance imaging, ...

The process of varying the AMPLITUDE of a sound, often periodically. An example of AM is the violinist's TREMOLO, where the amplitude of the vibrating string is rapidly altered by a movement of the ...