Abstract: The classical concept of (carrier) multiplication underlying the design of low-noise avalanche photo diodes is one of a process which is random in magnitude but deterministic in time. Based ...

Neurons are constantly performing complex calculations to process sensory information and infer the state of the environment. For example, to localize a sound or to recognize the direction of visual ...

IF electrons move through a gas in an electric field, their number can increase if they ionize gas molecules by collision—the well-known Townsend avalanche. Recently, it has been shown 1 that in ...

Computer scientists are a demanding bunch. For them, it’s not enough to get the right answer to a problem — the goal, almost always, is to get the answer as efficiently as possible. Take the act of ...