Every algorithm ever written reduces to just two ingredients and two fundamental questions about time, space, and correctness. This is the hidden architecture beneath all computation, from ancient ...

Abstract: Robust multiobjective optimization problems (RMOPs) widely exist in real-world applications, which introduce a variety of uncertainty in optimization models. While some evolutionary ...

Abstract: The advancement in education has emphasized the need to evaluate the quality of the examination questions and the cognitive levels of students. Many educational institutions now acknowledge ...